Microbes

An accessible introduction to the world of microbes—from basic microbe biology through industrial applications Microbes affect our lives in a variety of ways—playing an important role in our health, food, agriculture, and environment. While some microbes are beneficial, others are pathogenic or opportunistic. Microbes: Concepts and Applications describes basic microbe biology and identification and shows not only how they operate in the subfields of medicine, biotechnology, environmental science, bioengineering, agriculture, and food science, but how they can be harnessed as a resource. It provides readers with a solid grasp of etiologic agents, pathogenic processes, epidemiology, and the role of microbes as therapeutic agents. Placing a major emphasis on omics technology, the book covers recent developments in the arena of microbes and discusses their role in industry and agriculture, as well as in related fields such as immunology, cell biology, and molecular biology. It offers complete discussions of the major bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic pathogens; includes information on emerging infectious diseases, antibiotic resistance, and bioterrorism; and talks about the future challenges in microbiology. The most complete treatment of microbial biology available, Microbes features eye-opening chapters on: Human and Microbial World Gene Technology: Application and Techniques Molecular Diagnostic and Medical Microbiology Identification and Classification of Microbes Diversity of Microorganisms Microbes in Agriculture Microbes as a Tool for Industry and Research Complete with charts and figures, this book is an invaluable textbook for university teachers, students, researchers, and people everywhere who care about microorganisms. P. S. Bisen, Mousumi Debnath, G. B. Prasad CONTENTS 1 HUMAN AND MICROBIAL WORLD 1 1.1 Prologue 1 1.2 Innovations in Microbiology for Human Welfare 1 1.3 The Microbial World 24 1.4 Future Challenges: Metagenomics 57 2 GENE TECHNOLOGY: APPLICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES 65 2.1 Prologue 65 2.2 Introduction to Gene Technology 65 2.3 Nucleic Acid Hybridization 75 2.4 DNA Sequencing 88 2.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction 99 2.6 Omics Technology and Microbes 103 2.7 Bioinformatics in Microbial Technology 124 2.8 Future Challenges: The Biochips 126 3 MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS 151 3.1 Prologue 151 3.2 Microbial Biology 152 3.3 Infection and Immunity 160 3.4 Bacterial Pathogens and Associated Diseases 185 3.5 Viral Pathogens and Associated Diseases 209 3.6 Prions 227 3.7 Parasitic Infections 228 3.8 Fungal Pathogen 249 3.9 Microbial Diagnostics 253 3.10 Future Challenges: Promises of Pharmacogenomics 265 4 IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF MICROBES 275 4.1 Prologue 275 4.2 Principles of Taxonomy 276 4.3 Using Phenotypic Characteristics to Identify Microbes 281 4.4 Using Genotypic Character to Identify Microbes 299 4.5 Characterizing Strain Differences 306 4.6 Classification of Microbes on the Basis of Phenotypic Characteristics 319 4.7 Classification of Microbes on the Basis of Genotypic Characters 324 4.8 Future Challenges: Aptamers for Detection of Pathogens 333 5 DIVERSITY OF MICROORGANISMS 339 5.1 Prologue 339 5.2 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms 339 5.3 Thriving in Terrestrial Environment 345 5.4 Aquatic Environment 353 5.5 Animals as Habitat 364 5.6 Archaea in Extreme Environments 368 5.7 Biogeochemical Cycles 373 5.8 Environmental Influence and Control of Microbial Growth 377 5.9 Microorganisms and Organic Pollutants 385 5.10 Microorganisms and Metal Pollutants 396 5.11 Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens 405 5.12 Microorganisms as Friends of Man 453 5.13 Microbes as a Disastrous Enemy 468 5.14 Future Challenges: Microbes in the Space 472 6 MICROBES IN AGRICULTURE 481 6.1 Prologue 481 6.2 The Soil Plant Microorganisms 482 6.3 Root Microbial Interaction 500 6.4 Pathogenic Microbes in Agriculture 508 6.5 Microbes as a Tool of Genetic Engineering 535 6.6 Future Challenges: Functional Genomics Approach for Improvement of Crops 557 7 MICROBES AS A TOOL FOR INDUSTRY AND RESEARCH 567 7.1 Prologue 567 7.2 Historical Development 567 7.3 Clinical Diagnostics in a New Era 578 7.4 Industrial Microorganisms and Product Formation 615 7.5 Major Industrial Products for Health and Industry 622 7.6 Food Diagnostics, Food Preservation, and Foodborne Microbial Diseases 649 7.7 Future Challenges: Next Generation Diagnostics Industry 680 References 681 INDEX 685