Oral Microbiology at a Glance

Oral Microbiology At A Glance is the new title in the highly popular at a Glance series. It provides a concise and accessible introduction and revision aid. Following the familiar, easy-to-use at a Glance format, each topic is presented as a double-page spread with key facts accompanied by clear diagrams encapsulating essential information. Systematically organized and succinctly delivered, Oral Microbiology At A Glance covers: Oral microbial origins of health or disease Various infections ranging from dental caries, periodontal and endodontic infections to oral mucosal, bone, and systemic infections Local and systemic extensions of oral infections Sterilization, disinfection, infection control methods, and bioterrorism Oral Microbiology At A Glance is the ideal companion for students of microbiology, all students of dentistry, and early career clinicians. In addition the text will provide valuable insight for general dental practitioners wanting to update their knowledge of oral microbiology and immunology, as well as dental hygienists, therapists and technicians. Richard Lamont is Professor of Oral Biology at the University of Florida at Gainesville. Howard Jenkinson is Professor of Oral Biology at the University of Bristol, UK. CONTENTS About the authors Preface 1 Introduction to oral microbiology Commensals and pathogens Oral diseases 2 In the beginning The first microbes Microbial basis of infectious disease Miller and the chemoparasitic theory of caries Oral and dental research 3 Caries as an infectious disease Dental caries as a transmissible disease Streptococcus mutans Mutans group streptococci Link between S. mutans and dental caries Immunity to caries 4 General properties of saliva Saliva production Protective role of saliva Salivary pellicle Saliva as a nutrient 5 Salivary mucins and agglutinins Composition of mucins Properties of mucins Bacterial agglutination 6 Secretory Immunoglobulin A Production of S-IgA Functions of S-IgA Inactivation of salivary defenses Development of S-IgA The window of infectivity Selective IgA deficiency 7 Anti-microbial properties of saliva Anti-microbial components in saliva 8 Innate defences Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) Human AMPs 9 Microbes in the oral cavity Primary colonizers Beneficial effects of bacterial colonizers Ecological plaque hypothesis Ecology and disease 10 Molecular microbial taxonomy Molecular taxonomy Discontinuous gradient gel electrophoresis DNA chips 11 Systems approaches to oral microbiology Transcriptomics Proteomics Gene ontology Post-translational networks Tiled arrays 12 Oral streptococci The genus Streptococcus Viridans streptococci Lancefield grouping Relatedness and pathogenicity of streptococci 13 Microbial adherence Adherence Long-range adherence Specific adhesion Oral bacterial adhesins and receptors 14 Complex communities Inter-microbial reactions Co-adhesion Metabolic associations Antagonism 15 Biofilms Biofilm development Microbial recognition of surfaces and interbacterial communication The biofilm matrix, resilience and resistance 16 Bacterial polysaccharides Extracellular polysaccharide production Glycosyltransferases and fructosyltransferases Glucan binding proteins EPS produced by oral Gram-negatives 17 Microbiology of caries Structure of teeth Dental caries Types of dental caries Important bacteria in caries Emerging and polymicrobial pathogens 18 Virulence factors of S. mutans Initial attachment to tooth surfaces Polysaccharide production Acid production Acid tolerance Biofilm adaptation 19 Host and environmental factors in caries Host factors Dietary factors Caries risk assessment 20 Fluoride Modes of action of fluoride Strategies for fluoride delivery Anti-microbial effects of fluoride Enhancing anti-microbial effects 21 Anti-caries strategies Inhibitors Probiotics Immunization Vaccination 22 Periodontal diseases Classification of periodontal diseases Role of plaque bacteria in periodontal diseases Role of host factors in periodontal diseases 23 Microorganisms associated with periodontal diseases Gingivitis Chronic periodontitis Localized aggressive periodontitis Generalized aggressive periodontitis Color-coded complexes P. gingivalis , a consensus pathogen A. actinomycetemcomitans , a pathogen in LAP Culture independent bacterial detection 24 Colonization by periodontal bacteria Adhesion Periodontal bacterial adhesins Intracellular invasion Mechanisms of invasion Host responses to intracellular bacteria 25 Virulence factors of periodontal bacteria Toxins Proteolytic enzymes Bacterial components that impact alveolar bone Other toxic products 26 The immune response and periodontal bacteria Importance of neutrophils Innate immune sensing of periodontal bacteria Tissue destruction and bone loss Genetic factors associated with periodontal disease 27 Relationship between periodontal diseases and systemic health Pathogenic mechanisms - general principles Cardiovascular disease (CVD) Adverse pregnancy outcomes Pulmonary infections Diabetes Osteoporosis 28 Implants and titanium Osseo-integration Implant structure Peri-implantitis Bacteria associated with peri-implantitis Asepsis and treatment 29 Endodontic infections Dentinal tubules Bacterial invasion of dentin Microbiota of endodontic infections Symptomatic versus asymptomatic Treatment 30 Host factors in endodontic infections Pulpal infections Periapical abscesses Repair and angiogenesis Resistant bacteria 31 Infective endocarditis Bacteria in IE Mechanism of vegetation formation Bacterial virulence factors Antibiotics in IE 32 Oral mucosal, bone and systemic infections Mucosal infections Submucosal and bone infections Oral manifestations of systemic infections Systemic manifestations of oral infections 33 Candida albicans and fungal infections C. albicans infections Denture stomatitis Angular cheilitis Gingivitis and periodontal disease Prosthetic implants Biofilms and antifungal drugs 34 Oral virology I, herpes, papillomavirus and parvovirus Herpes viruses Papillomaviruses Parvoviruses 35 Oral virology II, hepatitis and HIV Hepatitis B virus (HBV) Hepatitis D virus (HDV, delta agent) Other hepatitis viruses Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 36 Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance Antibiotics in dentistry Resistance to anti-microbial agents Transfer of anti-microbial resistance Curtailing anti-microbial resistance 37 Sterilization Heat Radiation Chemicals 38 Disinfection Physical Chemical 39 Infection control Prions Dental unit water lines (DUWL) 40 Bioterrorism Anthrax Botulism Smallpox Salmonella Biological weapons convention Index