Newly updated, Agricultural Medicine: Rural Occupational Health, Safety, and Prevention, Second Editionis a groundbreaking and comprehensive textbook and reference for students and practitioners of public health, and professionals in the field of rural agricultural occupational health and safety. The book introduces specific occupational and environmental health and safety issues faced by agricultural workers and rural residents, and provides a roadmap to establishing sustainable worker and public health support in agricultural communities.
Responding to reader demand, Agricultural Medicine, Second Edition now features more case studies, key point summaries, and new international perspective chapters comparing North American health and agricultural practices to those in Europe, the Asia Pacific, and South America.
Agricultural health and safety engages a multidisciplinary team of medical professionals, veterinarians, safety professionals, engineers, sociologists, epidemiologists, and psychologists, for whom this book serves as an essential resource.
Contents
About the Authors, xiii
About the Reviewers, xix
Preface, xxv
1 Introduction and Overview, 1
Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin
1.1 Introduction to the Professional Specialty of Agricultural Medicine (Agricultural Safety and Health), 1
1.2 Terminology and Definitions, 1
1.3 What is an Agricultural Health and Safety Professional?, 6
1.4 Training of Agricultural Health Practitioners and Agriculture Health and Safety Specialists, 8
1.5 Demographics of the Agricultural Workforce, 17
1.6 The Evolution of Production Agricultural, Workforce, and Types of Farms, 18
1.7 Other Occupations Exposed to the Agricultural Environment, 21
1.8 General Health Status of the Agricultural Population, 21
1.9 Occupational Health Status of the Agricultural Workforce, 22
1.10 Occupational Injury and Illness Statistics, 23
1.11 Persistent and Emerging Megatrends in Agriculture: Health—Safety Implications, 24
1.12 A Preview of Specific Occupational Health and Safety Risks and Conditions, 31
1.13 Summary, 35
References, 37
2 Special Risk Populations in Agricultural Communities, 43
Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin
2.1 Introduction, 43
2.2 Women in Agriculture, 44
2.3 Youths in Agriculture, 49
2.4 Elderly Farmers, 59
2.5 Migrant and Seasonal Farm Workers, 64
2.6 Old ]order Anabaptists, 73
References, 84
3 Agricultural Respiratory Diseases, 95
Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin
3.1 Introduction and Overview, 95
3.2 Agricultural Structures and Respiratory Hazards, 98
3.3 Agricultural Dusts, 111
3.4 Confined Animal Feeding Operations and Respiratory Disease Hazards, 126
3.5 Oxides of Nitrogen (“Silo Gas”), 136
3.6 Applied Agricultural Chemicals, 140
3.7 Zoonotic Infections Causing Respiratory Disease, 142
3.8 General Preventive Measures for Agricultural Respiratory Illnesses, 143
References, 149
4 Agricultural Skin Diseases, 155
Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin
4.1 Introduction, 155
4.2 Contact Dermatitis, 156
4.3 Clinical Picture of Contact Dermatitis, 156
4.4 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Contact Dermatitis, 156
4.5 Agents causing Contact Dermatitis in Agricultural Settings, 157
4.6 Infectious Dermatitis, 165
4.7 Arthropod ]induced Dermatitis, 167
4.8 Sunlight ]induced Dermatoses, 171
4.9 Skin Disorders Related to Heat, Cold, and Humidity, 176
References, 177
5 Cancer in Agricultural Populations, 181
Kelley J. Donham
5.1 Introduction, 181
5.2 Summary, 198
References, 200
6 Health Effects of Agricultural Pesticides, 205
Kelley J. Donham
6.1 Introduction, 205
6.2 Definition of Pesticides, 206
6.3 History and Risk Communication, 207
6.4 Pesticides: Classes, Subclasses, and Relative Toxicity, 208
6.5 How Farmers, Agricultural Workers, and Agriculture ]associated Workers are Exposed to Pesticides, 209
6.6 The Risk of Pesticide Poisonings, 214
6.7 Insecticides: Usage, Acute Toxicity Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 215
6.8 Herbicides: Usage, Acute Toxic Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, 227
6.9 Fumigants: Usage, Acute Toxic Mechanisms and Treatment, 233
6.10 Chronic Health Effects of Insecticides, Herbicides, and Fumigants, 237
6.11 General Strategies for the Prevention of Pesticide Poisoning, 238
6.12 Summary, 243
References, 246
7 General Environmental Hazards in Agriculture Communities, 251
Kelley J. Donham and Anders Thelin
7.1 Introduction, 251
7.2 Water Quality, 252
7.3 Substance Sources and Health Effects of Water Pollution from Agricultural Operations, 255
7.4 Prevention of the Adverse Health Effects of Water Pollution, 265
7.5 Air Quality in Rural Agricultural Environments, 269
7.6 Solid Waste Concerns in Rural Agricultural Areas, 276
7.7 Animal Feeding Operations, 278
7.8 Global Climate Change: Effects on Agricultural Production and the Environment, 282
References, 284
8 Musculoskeletal Disorders, 293
Anders Thelin and Kelley J. Donham
8.1 Introduction, 293
8.2 Chronic Pain Conditions, 294
8.3 Injuries of the Neck, 297
8.4 Injuries of the Spine, 299
8.5 Injuries of the Shoulder, 304
8.6 Injuries of the Elbow, Wrist and Hand, 307
8.7 Injuries of the Hip, 311
8.8 Injuries of the Knee, Ankle, and Foot, 313
8.9 General Disorders, Infections, and Reactive Arthritis, 315
8.10 Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders, 316
8.11 Summary, 316
References, 317
9 Physical Factors, 327
Anders Thelin and Kelley J. Donham
Noise and Hearing Loss, 327
9.1 Introduction, 327
9.2 Noise, definitions, and measurements, 328
9.3 How noise affects the auditory system, 329
9.4 Symptoms and Disablement, 330
9.5 Tinnitus, 331
9.6 Hearing Loss due to Trauma or Toxins, 331
9.7 Audiometry, 331
9.8 Other Effects of Noise, 333
9.9 Prevention, 333
Vibration and Injuries Related to Vibration, 336
9.10 Introduction, 336
9.11 Hand–arm Vibration Syndrome, 336
9.12 Whole ]body Vibration, 339
9.13 Disorders due to Heat and Cold, 339
9.14 Human Thermal Balance, 339
9.15 Disorders due to Heat, 341
9.16 Disorders Related to Cold, 343
9.17 Climate and Physical and Mental Capability, 344
9.18 Prevention of Injuries Related to Heat and Cold, 344
9.19 Summary, 345
References, 347
10 Psychosocial Conditions in Agriculture, 351
Anders Thelin and Kelley J. Donham
10.1 Introduction and Background, 351
10.2 Stress and Stress ]related Health Disorders, 353
10.3 Stress Physiology, 356
10.4 Chronic Stress ]related Physiological Reactions, 359
10.5 Stress and Disease, 360
10.6 Measuring Stress, 362
10.7 Management and Prevention of Stress Reactions, 364
10.8 Alcohol ]related Health Problems, 367
10.9 Suicides and Suicide Prevention, 369
10.10 Summary, 370
References, 370
11 Acute Injuries in Agriculture, 379
Kelley J. Donham, Aaron Yoder, and LaMar Grafft
11.1 Introduction, 379
11.2 Agricultural Injury Statistics and Epidemiology, 379
11.3 Medical Considerations of Acute Agricultural Injuries, 385
11.4 First on the Scene/First Aid, 386
11.5 First Responders and Emergency Medical Treatment, Rescue/Extrication, and Transport, 388
11.6 Emergency Room, 391
11.7 Primary Care, 392
11.8 Secondary/Tertiary Care, 393
11.9 Rehabilitation, 393
11.10 Hazards and Injury Scenarios, 394
11.11 Summary, 408
References, 409
12 Veterinary Pharmaceuticals: Potential Occupational and Community Health Hazards, 413
Kelley J. Donham
12.1 Introduction, 413
12.2 Background and Overview, 413
12.3 Veterinary Biologicals, 415
12.4 Antibiotics, 418
12.5 Hormones used for Growth Promotion, 427
12.6 Other Growth Promotors, 429
12.7 Hormones used in Veterinary Obstetrics, 429
12.8 Other Human Health Considerations of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, 430
12.9 Summary, 430
References, 432
13 Zoonotic Diseases: Overview of Occupational Hazards in Agriculture, 437
Kelley J. Donham
13.1 Introduction, 437
13.2 Significance of Zoonotic Disease, 438
13.3 Forces Affecting Trends and Patterns of Zoonoses, 438
13.4 Historical Trends in Zoonoses, 441
13.5 Future Trends in Zoonoses, 441
13.6 General Epidemiologic Considerations of Zoonoses, 442
13.7 Classification of Zoonotic Infections, 442
13.8 Prevention, 444
13.9 Summary, 444
References, 462
14 International Agricultural Safety and Health, 465
Kelley J. Donham
14.1 Introduction, 465
Section A Agricultural Medicine in South America – The Mercosur 4: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, 466
Marcos Grigioni and Kelley J. Donham
14.1A Introduction, 466
14.2A Types of Production and Processes, 466
14.3A Culture and Demographics, 470
14.4A The Demography of those Engaged in Agricultural Production, 471
14.5A Agricultural Injury and Illness Statistics: the Current Status of the Health and Safety of Agricultural Populations, 473
14.6A Support Professionals in Agriculture, 475
14.7A Injuries and Illnesses in Farming Populations: Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil, 475
14.8A Resources and Organizations in the M4, 477
14.9A Special/unique Illness or Injury Conditions, 478
14.10A Summary, 480
References, 483
Section B Agricultural Medicine in Australia and New Zealand, 487
Susan Brumby
14.1B Introduction, 487
14.2B Differences in Types of Agricultural Systems, 488
14.3B Working Characteristics, 488
14.4B Agricultural Injuries and Illnesses, 489
14.5B Occupational Health and Safety Legislation, 489
14.6B Skin Cancer, 491
14.7B Agricultural Health and Safety Resources, 491
14.8B Conclusion, 492
References, 493
Section C Agricultural Medicine in: The European Community, 495
Christina Lunner Kolstrup and Peter Lundqvist
14.1C Introduction, 495
14.2C Diversification of Agricultural Production in Europe, 495
14.3C Differences in Types of Commodity Production and Processes Relative to North America, 496
14.4C Differences in the Culture of the Workers, 497
14.5C Differences in Agricultural Injury and Illness Statistics, 498
14.6C Differences in Health and Safety Regulations, 499
14.7C Differences in Resources for Agricultural Medicine, 500
14.8C Special/unique Agricultural Illness or Injury Conditions, 500
References, 501
15 Prevention of Illness and Injury in Agriculture, 503
Kelley J. Donham
15.1 Introduction, 503
15.2 Barriers to Prevention Intervention, 504
15.3 A Hierarchy of Prevention Modalities, 507
15.4 Specialized Health and Safety Disciplines, 519
15.5 Multimodal Interventions, 525
15.6 Respiratory Disease Prevention in Swine Confinement Workers, 526
15.7 Sustainable Farm Families in Australia, 528
15.8 Farm ]based Wellness Program, 528
15.9 Developing Comprehensive Prevention Programs, 528
15.10 Iowa Model of Integrated Multimodal Prevention Interventions, 528
15.11 Education to Facilitate Behavior Change, 529
15.12 Removal of Farm Health and Safety Hazards, 530
15.13 Development of Total Worker Health, 530
15.14 Summary, 530
Appendix A, 532
References, 545
Index, 551
