Table of Contents:
Dedication
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter One: Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker of Kidney Diseases
Abstract
The Discovery of Biomarkers
Characteristics of an Ideal Biomarker
Biomarkers in AKI
Biomarkers in CKD
Conclusions and Future Directions
Chapter Two: Statistical Considerations in Analysis and Interpretation of Biomarker Studies
Abstract
Introduction
Planning a Study
Metrics for Prediction Performance
Sample-Size Calculations
Evaluating Incremental Value
Summary
Chapter Three: The Role of Metabolomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools
Summary
Introduction
Metabolic Mapping of the Kidney
Nontargeted and Targeted Metabolomics
The Sample
Analytical Technologies
Metabolic Molecular Marker Discovery and Development
Metabolomics in Renal Research: Kidney Function, Disease, and Injury Markers
Metabolomics as a Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Nephrology
Chapter Four: The Role of Proteomics in the Study of Kidney Diseases and in the Development of Diagnostic Tools
Abstract
Introduction
Nontargeted and Targeted Proteomics
Proteins and the Kidney
The Proteomics Sample
Analytical Technologies
Proteomics in Renal Research and as a Marker for Kidney Function, Disease, and Injury
Proteomics as Clinical Diagnostic Tool in Nephrology
Chapter Five: Cystatin C as a Multifaceted Biomarker in Kidney Disease and Its Role in Defining “Shrunken Pore Syndrome”
Abstract
Factors Influencing the Diagnostic Performance of Cystatin C- or Creatinine-Based GFR-Estimating Equations and Causing the Plethora of Equations: The Concepts of “Internal” or “External” Validation
Optimizing the Use of Cystatin C- and Creatinine-Based GFR-Estimating Equations
Cystatin C and Creatinine (eGFRcystatin C and eGFRcreatinine) as Markers of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), Hospitalization, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death
Identification of “Shrunken Pore Syndrome”: Its Influence on Mortality
Cystatin C as an Indictor of the Circadian Rhythm of GFR
Cystatin C as an Indicator of “Renal Reserve”
Chapter Six: Biomarkers in Acute Kidney Injury
Abstract
Introduction
Definition and Classification of AKI
Serum Creatinine in AKI
Biology of Biomarkers
Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of AKI (Table 6.2)
Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis of AKI (Table 6.3)
Biomarkers That Predict Short-Term Outcomes (Table 6.4)
Biomarkers for Risk Stratification of Patients With Existing AKI (Table 6.5)
Biomarkers of AKI and Long-Term Outcomes
Biomarkers of Subclinical AKI (Table 6.6)
The Effect of Interventions on Biomarkers of AKI (Table 6.7)
Biomarkers of AKI in the ICU (Table 6.8)
Urinary Stability Studies for Biomarkers of AKI
Combinations of AKI Biomarkers
TIMP2 and IGFBP7 (Table 6.9)
Conclusions
Chapter Seven: Biomarkers of Extra-Renal Complications of AKI
Abstract
AKI and Inflammation
Serum Cytokines are Increased in Patients With AKI
Pulmonary Complications of AKI
Summary
Chapter Eight: Biomarkers in Kidney Transplantation
Abstract
Biomarkers: An Overview
Biomarkers of AKI Posttransplantation
Biomarkers of Acute Rejection
Biomarkers of Chronic Allograft Nephropathy
Biomarkers of Polyoma Virus Infection
Summary
Chapter Nine: Biomarkers of Renal Cancer
Abstract
Renal Cancer
Cancer Biomarkers-General Concepts
Renal Cancer Biomarkers
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter Ten: Proteomics and Advancements in Urinary Biomarkers of Diabetics Kidney Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Urinary Peptides as Biomarkers of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Future Developments and Applications of Proteomics for Biomarker Discovery
Chapter Eleven: Biomarkers of Cardiovascular Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Introduction
The Definition of CKD and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: GFR, Albuminuria, and Proteinuria
Cardiac Biomarkers in CKD
Summary
Chapter Twelve: Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Genetic Testing for Diagnosis and Prognosis
Total Kidney Volume
Renal Blood Flow
Serum and Urine Biomarkers
Chapter Thirteen: Biomarkers in Glomerular Disease
Abstract
Biomarkers in Glomerular Diseases
Predictors of Outcome in Glomerular Diseases
Biomarkers in Lupus Nephritis
Predictors of Lupus Nephritis Class
Biomarkers that Predict Renal Lupus Flares
Membranous Nephropathy
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Minimal Change Disease
CD80/B7-1 in Minimal Change and FSGS
IgA Nephropathy
Discovery of New Biomarkers Using Proteomics
Chapter Fourteen: Biomarkers in Preeclampsia
Abstract
Definition and Prevalence of the Disease
Pathophysiology and Mechanisms
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Biomarkers
Novel Biomarkers and Future Perspectives
Conclusions
Abbreviations
Index
