Special Care in Dentistry

A comprehensive and concise information source on special care dentistry: Table of Contents: 1. INTRODUCTION Definitions Causes of disability Access and legal background (Disability Discrimination Act) Implications of disability legislation 2. APPROPRIATE ORAL HEALTH CARE Barriers to oral healthcare Goals The people involved in providing care Treatment planning Consent Oral health in people with disabilities Treatment modification 3. SPECIFIC PROBLEM AREAS; ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED A Acromegaly Addison’s disease AIDS (see HIV/AIDS) Alcoholism Alzheimer’s disease Amphetamine, LSD and Ecstasy abuse Anaemias; deficiency (and see specific conditions) Ankylosing spondylitis Angina (see Ischaemic Heart Disease) Anorexia (see Eating disorders) Anticoagulants (see Warfarinisation and Heparinisation) Anxiety states Aortic valve diseases Arthritis (see Gout, Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis) Asplenia Asthma Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Autism B Bedbound patients Bleeding disorders (see specific diseases) Blind patients (see Visually impaired) Bone marrow transplantation Bulimia (see Eating disorders) C Cancer (of head and neck) Cardiac arrhythmias Cardiac failure Cerebral palsy Chairbound patients (see Spina bifida) Chemotherapy Christmas disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Cocaine abuse Congenital heart disease Creutzfeldt Jakob disease Crohn disease Cushing’s syndrome Cystic fibrosis D Deafness (see Hearing impaired) Depression Diabetes insipidus Diabetes mellitus Down syndrome Drug abuse (see individual drugs) Drug allergies E Eating disorders Elderly End of life care Endocarditis Endocrinopathies (see specific diseases) Epilepsy F Fallot´s tetralogy (see Congenital heart disease) G Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency Gout Graft versus host disease (GVHD) H Haemophilia A Hearing impaired Heart transplantation Heparinisation Hepatitis (B,C,and D viruses and autoimmune) Heroin and opioid abuse HIV / AIDS Huntington´s chorea Hydrocephalus Hyperaldosteronism Hyperparathyroidism Hypertension Hyperthyroidism Hypochondriasis Hypoparathyroidism Hypopituitarism Hypothyroidism I Immunodeficiencies (primary) Immunosuppressive treatment Infectious diseases Inhalant abuse Ischaemic heart disease L Learning impairment Leukaemias Liver cirrhosis Liver failure Liver transplantation Lung transplantation Lupus erythematosus Lymphomas M Malignant hyperthermia (Malignant hyperpyrexia; MH; MHS; King-Denborough syndrome) Mania Marijuana abuse Mitral valve disease Motor neurone disease Multiple sclerosis (disseminated sclerosis) Muscular dystrophies Myasthenia gravis N Neutropenia and neutrophil defects Nicotine abuse O Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis P Paget’s disease Palliative care (see Bedbound patients) Pancreatic transplantation Paralyses (of head and neck) Paraplegia (see Cerebral palsy and Spina bifida) Parkinsonism Phobias Physically disabled patients (see specific conditions) Porphyrias Pregnancy R Radiotherapy Renal disease (chronic renal failure) Renal transplantation Respiratory disease (see specific conditions) Rheumatic fever Rheumatoid arthritis Rickets and osteomalacia S Schizophrenia Scleroderma Sickle cell anaemia Sjogren syndrome Spina Bifida Splenectomy (see Asplenia) Steroids (Corticosteroids) Stroke and other cerebrovascular accidents T Thalassaemia Thrombocytopenia Transplant patients Traumatic injury to CNS Tuberculosis U Ulcerative colitis V Visually impaired Von Willebrand disease W Warfarinisation 4. MAIN OROFACIAL PROBLEMS Teeth Trauma Tooth wear Caries Erosion Periodontium Periodontal disease Salivary Drooling Dry mouth Mucosa Mucosal lesions Biting Others Bruxism Halitosis Retching Crispian Scully, CBE, MD, PhD, MDS, MRCS, FDSRCPS, FFDRCSI, FDSRCS, FDSRCSE, FRCPath, FMedSci, Dean, Director of Studies and Research, International Centres for Excellence in Dentistry and Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences; Co-Director World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Oral Health, Disability and Culture, University of London, UK; Pedro Diz Dios, PhD, MD, MDS, Senior Lecturer, Head of Department, Special Needs Unit, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and Navdeep Kumar, PhD, FDSRCS, Honorary Lecturer, Special Needs Dentistry, Oral Medicine Unit, Division of Maxillofacial, Diagnostic, Medical and Surgical Sciences, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences, University College, London, UK