Research on the biochemistry and molecular biology of lipids and lipoproteins has experienced remarkable growth in the last 25 years, particularly with the realization that many different classes of lipids play fundamental roles in diseases such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The first objective of this book is to provide students and teachers with an advanced up-to-date textbook covering the major areas of current interest in the lipid field. The chapters are written for students and researchers familiar with the general concepts of lipid metabolism but who wish to expand their knowledge in this area. The second objective is to provide a reference text for scientists who are about to enter the field of lipids, lipoproteins and membranes and who wish to learn more about this area of research. All of the chapters have been extensively updated since the 5th edition appeared in 2008.
Contents:
Preface
Chapter 1. Functional Roles of Lipids in Membranes
1. Introduction and Overview
2. Diversity in Lipid Structure
3. Properties of Lipids in Solution
4. Engineering of Membrane Lipid Composition
5. Role of Lipids in Cell Function
6. Summary and Future Directions
Chapter 2. Approaches to Lipid Analysis
1. Introduction and Overview
2. Lipid Diversity
3. Chromatographic-Based Analysis of Lipids
4. Basic Concepts of Analytical Biochemistry
5. Lipid Mass Spectrometry
6. Future Directions
Chapter 3. Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Biosynthesis in Prokaryotes
1. Overview of Bacterial Lipid Metabolism
2. Membrane Systems of Bacteria
3. The Initiation Module
4. The Elongation Module
5. The Acyltransfer Module
6. The Phospholipid Module
7. Genetic Regulation of Lipid Metabolism
8. Future Directions
Chapter 4. Lipid Metabolism in Plants
1. Introduction
2. Plant Lipid Geography
3. Acyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Synthesis in Plants
4. Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase and Control of Fatty Acid Synthesis
5. Phosphatidic Acid Synthesis Occurs via Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Acyltransferases
6. Membrane Glycerolipid Synthesis
7. Lipid Storage in Plants
8. Protective Lipids: Cutin, Waxes, Suberin and Sporopollenin
9. Sphingolipid Biosynthesis
10. Oxylipins as Plant Hormones
11. Sterol and Isoprenoid Biosynthesis
12. Future Prospects
Chapter 5. Fatty Acid Handling in Mammalian Cells
1. Introduction
2. Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
3. Fatty Acid Uptake, Activation and Trafficking
4. Fatty Acid Storage as Triacylglycerol in Lipid Droplets
5. Fatty Acid Use for Energy
6. Fatty Acids and Signalling
7. Fatty Acids and Disease Pathogenesis
8. Future Directions
Chapter 6. Fatty Acid Desaturation and Elongation in Mammals
1. Introduction
2. Elongation Reactions of Long-Chain Fatty Acids
3. Desaturation of Long-Chain Fatty Acid in Mammals
4. Transcriptional Regulation of Desaturases and Elongases
5. Summary and Future Directions
Chapter 7. Phospholipid Synthesis in Mammalian Cells
1. Introduction
2. Biosynthesis of Phosphatidic Acid and Diacylglycerol
3. Phosphatidylcholine Biosynthesis and Regulation
4. Phosphatidylethanolamine Biosynthesis and Regulation
5. Phosphatidylserine Biosynthesis and Regulation
6. Phosphatidylinositol and Polyphosphorylated Phosphatidylinositol
7. Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylglycerol and Cardiolipin
8. Fatty Acid Remodelling of Phospholipids
9. Future Directions
Chapter 8. Phospholipid Catabolism
1. Introduction
2. The Phospholipase A Family
3. Phospholipase C
4. Phospholipase D
5. Future Directions
Chapter 9. The Eicosanoids: Cyclooxygenase, Lipoxygenase and Epoxygenase Pathways
1. Introduction
2. Prostanoids
3. Prostanoid Biosynthesis
4. Prostanoid Catabolism and Mechanisms of Action
5. Leukotrienes and Lipoxygenase Products
6. Cytochrome P450S and Epoxygenase Pathways
7. Future Directions
Chapter 10. Sphingolipids
1. Introduction
2. Nomenclature and Structure
3. Sphingolipids Biosynthesis
4. Sphingolipid Degradation
5. Sphingolipid Signalling and Roles in Cell Regulation
6. Sphingolipid Biophysics
7. Sphingolipids in Disease Pathology
8. Perspectives
Chapter 11. Cholesterol Synthesis
1. Introduction
2. Cholesterol Synthesis – An Historical Overview
3. Targeting Cholesterol Synthesis Therapeutically
4. Sterol Pathway Intermediates
5. Enzymes of Cholesterol Biosynthesis
6. Oxysterols
7. Regulation of Cholesterol Synthesis
8. Summary
Chapter 12. Bile Acid Metabolism
1. Introduction
2. Bile Acid Structure and Physical Properties
3. Biosynthesis of Bile Acids
4. Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids
5. Bile Acids as Signalling Molecules
6. Future Directions
Chapter 13. Lipid Modification of Proteins
1. Introduction
2. Attachment of Fatty Acids to Proteins
3. Attachment of Cholesterol to Hedgehog Proteins
4. Attachment of Isoprenoids to Proteins
5. Attachment of Phospholipids and Diacylglycerol Lipids to Proteins
6. Spotlight on Inhibitors of Lipid-Modifying Enzymes and Their Roles in Disease
7. Future Directions and Challenges
Chapter 14. Intramembrane and Intermembrane Lipid Transport
1. Introduction
2. Vesicular Trafficking of Lipids
3. Nonvesicular Transport of Lipids
4. Transbilayer Movement of Lipids
5. Specific Examples of Intracellular Lipid Transport
6. Future Directions
Chapter 15. High-Density Lipoproteins: Metabolism and Protective Roles Against Atherosclerosis
1. Introduction
2. High-Density Lipoprotein Formation
3. High-Density Lipoprotein Remodelling and Lipid Transfer
4. Extremes of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Relationship to Atherosclerosis
5. Protective Actions of High-Density Lipoproteins
6. High-Density Lipoprotein-Raising Therapies
7. Summary and Future Directions
Chapter 16. Assembly and Secretion of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
1. Overview of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins
2. Structure and Regulation of the Apolipoprotein B Gene
3. Structural Features of Apolipoprotein B
4. Assembly of Hepatic Very Low Density Lipoproteins
5. Regulation of Hepatic Very Low Density Lipoprotein Assembly and Secretion
6. Intracellular Degradation of Apolipoprotein B
7. Dysregulation of Very Low Density Lipoprotein assembly and Secretion
8. Assembly and Secretion of Chylomicrons
9. Hepatocyte and Enterocyte Models – Strengths and Limitations
10. Future Directions
Chapter 17. Lipoprotein Receptors
1. Introduction: Receptor-Mediated Lipoprotein Metabolism
2. Removal of Low-Density Lipoprotein from the Circulation
3. Post-translational Modulators of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Activity
4. Receptor-Mediated Removal of Triacylglycerol-Rich Lipoproteins from the Plasma
5. Other Relatives of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Family
6. Roles of Lipoprotein Receptors in Signal Transduction
7. Scavenger Receptors: Lipid Uptake and Beyond
8. Outlook
Chapter 18. Atherosclerosis
1. Atherosclerosis
2. Lipoprotein Transport in Atherosclerosis
3. Lipoprotein Receptors and Lipid Transporters
4. Contributions of Lipoprotein-Mediated Inflammation to Atherosclerosis
5. New Emerging Mechanisms of Lipid Metabolism Influencing Atherosclerosis
6. Traditional and Evolving Lipid-Lowering Therapies for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis
7. Future Directions
Chapter 19. Diabetic Dyslipidaemia
1. Introduction to the Typical Dyslipidaemia of Insulin-Resistant States
2. Dyslipidaemia of Insulin-Resistant States: Key Factors and Mechanisms, with a Focus on Hepatic Lipoprotein Overproduction
3. Postprandial Dyslipidaemia and Intestinal Chylomicron Hypersecretion in Insulin-Resistant States
4. Low High-Density Lipoprotein in Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
5. Treatment of the Dyslipidaemia of Insulin-Resistant States
6. Conclusions
Index
